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James C. Gardiner, Javan L. Horwitz, Neurologic Music Therapy and Group Psychotherapy for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of a Cognitive Rehabilitation Group, Music Therapy Perspectives, Volume 33, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 193–201, https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miu045
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Cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) has developed into a scientific, evidence-based approach, dedicated to improving the cognitive functioning of persons with neurological illnesses and injuries ( Cicerone et al. 2000 , 2005 , 2011 ; Gordon et al. 2006 ). Techniques used in CRT have been researched and presented in practical form (see, for example, Ben-Yishay, Piasetsky, & Rattock, 1987 ; Bennett, Raymond, Malia, Bewick, & Linton, 1998 ; Eslinger, 2002 ; Malia & Brannagan, 2007a , b ; Prigitano, 1999 ; Raskin & Mateer, 2000 ; Sohlberg & Mateer, 2001 ; Wilson, 2009 ). Standards of evidence-based practice have been established and communicated to practitioners of CRT ( Cicerone et al., 2000 , 2005 , 2011 ; Malia et al., 2004 ) so that effective strategies and techniques for rehabilitation are now readily available.
Neurologic music therapy (NMT) also is a “therapeutic application of music to cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunctions due to neurologic disease of the human nervous system” ( Thaut, 1999 , p. 2). Like other scientific approaches to rehabilitation, NMT is based on research demonstrating the benefits of musical interventions for the human nervous system ( De I’Etoile & LaGasse, 2013 ; LaGasse & Thaut, 2012 ; Thaut, 2000 , 2005 ; Thaut & Hoernberg, 2014 ). There is evidence that musical interventions improve attention ( Gregory, 2002 ; Groene, 2001 ; Knox, Yokota-Adachi, Kershner, & Jutai, 2003 ; Robb, 2003 ; Sarkamo et al., 2008 ), memory ( Baur, Uttner, Ilmberger, Fesl, & Mai, 2000 ; Carruth, 1997 ; Chan, Ho, & Cheung, 1998 ; Claussen & Thaut, 1997 ; Cowles et al., 2003 ; Gfeller, 1983 ; Haslam & Cook, 2002 ; Ho, Cheung, & Chan, 2003 ; Peterson & Thaut, 2007 ; Silverman, 2012 ; Thaut, Peterson, & McIntosh, 2005 ; Thaut, Peterson, McIntosh, & Hoernberg, 2014 ; Wallace, 1994 ), executive function ( Bugos, Perlstein, McCrae, Brophy, & Bedenbaugh, 2007 ; Hedge, 2014 ; Hitchen, Magee, & Soeterik, 2010 ; Lane-Brown & Tate, 2009 ; Miller, 2007 ; Thaut et al., 2009 ), and emotional adjustment ( Hedge, 2014 ; Lesiuk, 2010 ; Thaut et al., 2009 ; Unkefer & Thaut, 2002 ). Like CRT, NMT offers evidence-based strategies for neurological rehabilitation ( Thaut & Hoernberg, 2014 ).
